Eculizumab Reduced Thrombotic Microangiopathy, Restored Kidney Function and Improved Quality of Life as Reported at ASN Meeting
aHUS is an ultra-rare, chronic and life-threatening disease in which uncontrolled complement activation causes blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body (thrombotic microangiopathy, or TMA) leading to kidney failure, stroke, heart attack and death.1,2,3 Because aHUS is a genetic disease, patients have a life-long risk of sudden and severe complications of uncontrolled complement activation. Approximately 60% of patients with aHUS require dialysis, undergo a kidney transplant, or die within one year of diagnosis.4
Patients Resistant to Plasma Therapy
In an oral presentation today, researchers reported final data from a Phase 2 study of eculizumab in patients with aHUS who were resistant or intolerant to plasma therapy.5 This analysis included 17 adolescent and adult patients who received eculizumab therapy for 26 weeks. The prospective primary endpoint was the change in platelet count from baseline, a measure of TMA, at 26 weeks. Key prospective secondary endpoints included TMA event-free status (defined as at least 12 consecutive weeks of stable or increasing platelet counts, absence of plasma therapy, and no new dialysis), improvements in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, and change in quality of life.
Improvement in Platelet Count: A Measure of TMA Reduction
The primary endpoint of the study, change in platelet count, increased significantly through 26 weeks of treatment compared to baseline (p<0.0001) and was increased 96 ± 21 x109/L at 26 weeks of treatment with eculizumab. Researchers reported that following the first infusion of eculizumab, platelet count increased significantly at Day 7 (p=0.02). A key secondary endpoint, TMA event-free status, was achieved in 88% of patients (15 of 17; 95% CI 64-100).
Improvement in Kidney Function
Researchers reported significant improvement in kidney function with sustained eculizumab therapy over the 26-week dosing period. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a standard measure of kidney function, increased sufficiently to result in an improvement of at least one stage in CKD in 65% of patients (11 of 17, 95% CI 33-82), and eGFR increased less than one CKD stage in four additional patients. Of the seven patients who received dialysis before entering the study, five became dialysis-free following treatment with eculizumab and remained so for the entire 26 weeks.
Improvement in Quality of Life Measures
Quality of life as measured by the summary index of the EuroQol 5D improved significantly through 26 weeks. The improvement was highly statistically significant compared to baseline (p<0.0001) and was improved 0.33 ± 0.09 at 26 weeks which was more than five times the level generally considered to be a clinically meaningful change.6
All reported study results were similar for patients with and without complement regulatory protein mutations or auto-antibodies. Eculizumab was well tolerated in the study, and all patients remain alive. There were no cases of meningococcal infection in the trial. The most frequent adverse events were anemia, headache, diarrhea and vomiting. Two patients withdrew from the study; one patient was withdrawn after it was subsequently determined that the patient met an exclusion criterion and one patient withdrew from the study due to an adverse event deemed unrelated to eculizumab.
"These ground-breaking results show that eculizumab significantly increased platelets and reduced the life-threatening blood clot process that caused severe damage to the kidney and other organs in these patients with aHUS," said
Patients on Plasma Therapy Chronically
In a poster session yesterday, researchers presented interim results from a separate Phase 2 study of 20 adult and adolescent patients with aHUS who were receiving plasma therapy chronically prior to starting treatment with eculizumab.7 These interim results were the same as previously reported. The prospective primary endpoint in this study was TMA event-free status, which was achieved by a significant 87% of patients in the interim 12-week analysis of 15 patients (13 of 15; 95% CI 60-98). The analysis also met a key prospective secondary endpoint: none of the patients treated with eculizumab required TMA intervention.
"aHUS is a devastating disease and patients are chronically at risk for disease progression including sudden onset of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and death, even if they are treated frequently with currently available interventions," said
Eculizumab appeared to be well tolerated in the study. The most frequent adverse events were diarrhea, nausea, headache and hypertension (all mild to moderate).
"The results from these Phase 2 studies suggest that it may be possible to change the course of aHUS by targeting chronic uncontrolled complement activation," said
Pediatric Study
Alexion has commenced a Phase 2, open-label, single-arm, multi-center study of eculizumab in pediatric patients with aHUS in
About aHUS
aHUS is a chronic, ultra-rare disease characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body, causing a reduction in platelet count (thrombocytopenia) and life-threatening damage to the kidney, brain, heart and other vital organs.1-3 Approximately 60 percent of patients with aHUS require dialysis or a kidney transplant or die within a year of diagnosis, despite currently available care.4 The majority of patients with aHUS who receive a kidney transplant experience severe complications of the disease, and more than 90 percent of these patients experience failure of the donor kidney.8
aHUS is a progressive disease caused by uncontrolled activation of the complement system due to genetic deficiency in complement regulatory genes. With genetic deficiency of naturally occurring complement inhibitors, patients experience life-long uncontrolled activation of the complement system, causing ongoing inflammation and blood clots in vital organs.9,10 In patients with aHUS, uncontrolled complement activation results in an ongoing risk of sudden and catastrophic life-threatening complications.
About Soliris
Soliris is not approved for the treatment of patients with aHUS and is being provided to patients in clinical studies on an investigational basis. Soliris has been approved by the healthcare authorities in
Patients with PNH in more than 20 countries now have access to Soliris therapy through national or private healthcare providers. As the first terminal complement inhibitor to be approved in countries around the world for any indication, Soliris represents a long-sought breakthrough in medical innovation. Alexion's innovative approach to complement inhibition has received some of the pharmaceutical industry's highest honors: the 2008
Important Safety Information
Soliris is generally well tolerated in patients with PNH. The most frequent adverse events observed in clinical studies of patients with PNH were headache, nasopharyngitis (runny nose), back pain and nausea. Treatment with Soliris should not alter anticoagulant management because the effect of withdrawal of anticoagulant therapy during Soliris treatment has not been established.
The U.S. product label for Soliris also includes a boxed warning: "Soliris increases the risk of meningococcal infections. Meningococcal infection may become rapidly life-threatening or fatal if not recognized and treated early. Vaccinate patients with a meningococcal vaccine at least two weeks prior to receiving the first dose of Soliris; revaccinate according to current medical guidelines for vaccine use. Monitor patients for early signs of meningococcal infections, evaluate immediately if infection is suspected, and treat with antibiotics if necessary." During PNH clinical studies, two out of 196 vaccinated PNH patients treated with Soliris experienced a serious meningococcal infection. Prior to beginning Soliris therapy, all patients and their prescribing physicians are encouraged to enroll in the PNH Registry, which is part of a special risk-management program that involves initial and continuing education and long-term monitoring for detection of new safety findings.
About Alexion
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Safe Harbor Statement
This news release contains forward-looking statements, including statements related to anticipated clinical development milestones and potential health and medical benefits of Soliris (eculizumab) for the potential treatment of patients with aHUS. Forward-looking statements are subject to factors that may cause Alexion's results and plans to differ from those expected, including for example, decisions of regulatory authorities regarding marketing approval or material limitations on the marketing of Soliris for its current or potential new indications, the possibility that results of published reports or clinical trials are not predictive of safety and efficacy results of Soliris in broader patient populations, the risk that clinical trials may not be completed successfully, the possibility that initial results of commercialization are not predictive of future rates of adoption of Soliris, the risk that third parties won't agree to license any necessary intellectual property to Alexion on reasonable terms or at all, the risk that third party payors will not reimburse for the use of Soliris at acceptable rates or at all, and a variety of other risks set forth from time to time in Alexion's filings with the
References
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(2) Benz K, Amann K. Thrombotic microangiopathy: new insights. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010 May;19(3):242-7.
(3) Tsai HM. The molecular biology of thrombotic microangiopathy. Kidney Int 2006 Jul;70(1):16-23.
(4) Loirat C, Noris M, Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Complement and the atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23(11):1957-1972
(5) Abstract 1338 entitled "Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in aHUS Patients Resistant to Plasma Therapy: Interim Analysis from a Phase II Trial," presented in an oral presentation at the
(6) Pickard AS, Neary MP, Cella D. Estimation of minimally important differences in EQ-5D utility and VAS scores in cancer. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2007, 5:70 doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-70.
(7) Abstract 157 entitled "Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in aHUS Patients on Chronic Plasma Therapy: Interim Analysis of a Phase II Trial," presented in a poster presentation at the
(8) Bresin E, Daina E, Noris M, Castelletti F, Stefanov R, Hill P, et al. Outcome of renal transplantation in patients with non-Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: prognostic significance of genetic background. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 Jan;1(1):88-99.
(9) Hosler GA, Cusumano AM, Hutchins GM. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome are distinct pathologic entities. A review of 56 autopsy cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003 Jul;127(7):834-9.
(10) Ståhl A, Vaziri-Sani F, Heinen S, Kristoffersson A-C, Gydell K-H, Raafat R, Gutierrez A, Beringer O, Zipfel PF, and Karpman D. Factor H dysfunction in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome contributes to complement deposition on platelets and their activation. Blood. 2008;111:5307-5315.
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